Home Email this page Print this page Bookmark this page Decrease font size Default font size Increase font size
Noise & Health  
 CURRENT ISSUE    PAST ISSUES    AHEAD OF PRINT    SEARCH   GET E-ALERTS    
 
 
Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
Email Alert *
Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)  
 


 
   Abstract
  Introduction
  Methods
  Results
  Discussion
  Conclusions
   References
   Article Tables
 

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed10546    
    Printed303    
    Emailed7    
    PDF Downloaded42    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 3    

Recommend this journal

 


 
  Table of Contents    
ARTICLE  
Year : 2013  |  Volume : 15  |  Issue : 66  |  Page : 301-306
Annoyance evaluation and the effect of noise on the health of bus drivers

1 Laboratory of Biomechanics and Ergonomics, University of Middle-West-UNICENTRO; Laboratory of Environmental and Industrial Acoustics and Acoustic Comfort, Federal University of Parana-UFPR, Brazil
2 Laboratory of Biomechanics and Ergonomics, University of Middle-West-UNICENTRO, Brazil
3 Laboratory of Environmental and Industrial Acoustics and Acoustic Comfort, Federal University of Parana-UFPR, Brazil

Click here for correspondence address and email
Date of Web Publication17-Aug-2013
 
  Abstract 

In the present study, we evaluated annoyance and the effects of noise on the health of bus drivers. For that, 200 bus drivers from a public transport company participated in a cross-sectional study. Annoyance and effects on health was measured with analog scale: Sleep quality, occurrence of tinnitus, headache, irritation, and annoyance from bus engine, traffic, and passengers. Data of age and working time of bus drivers also were obtained. For noise exposure, LA eq was evaluated in 80 buses. Statistical analysis consisted of mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum, Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn, one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results indicate three groups of bus drivers (not annoyed: (N.A.), a little annoyed (L.A.) and highly annoyed (H.A.)). The group H.A. was younger and with less working time in relation to others, with a significant difference only for age. Regarding sleep quality, there was no significant difference. For results on the occurrence of tinnitus, headache and irritation after work, group H.A. had significantly higher means. Result of annoyance to the bus engine was significantly higher in H.A. than in L.A. and N.A. Annoyance to traffic and passengers, no significant differences were found, but the highest results were found for L.A., followed by H.A. and N.A. Equivalent sound pressure level in buses was above of the limit for occupational comfort. It was concluded that bus drivers has considerable level of noise annoyance and some health effects are perceived. The noise is a factor discomfort ergonomic that may cause effects on health of bus drivers. This study aims to evaluate annoyance and the effects of noise on the health of bus drivers. Cross-sectional study with buses and bus drivers. For that, 200 bus drivers from a public transport company participated in a cross-sectional study. Annoyance and effects on health was measured with analog scale: Sleep quality, occurrence of tinnitus, headache, irritation and annoyance from bus engine, traffic, and passengers. Data of age and working time of bus drivers also were obtained. For noise exposure, LA eq was evaluated in 80 buses. Statistical analysis consisted of mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum, Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn, one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results indicate three groups of bus drivers (N.A., a L.A. and H.A.). The group H.A. was younger and with less working time in relation to others, with a significant difference only for age. Regarding sleep quality, there was no significant difference. For results on the occurrence of tinnitus, headache and irritation after work, group H.A. had significantly higher means. Result of annoyance to the bus engine was significantly higher in H.A. than in L.A. and N.A. Annoyance to traffic and passengers, no significant differences were found, but the highest results were found for L.A., followed by H.A. and N.A. Equivalent sound pressure level in buses was above of the limit for occupational comfort. It was concluded that bus drivers has considerable level of noise annoyance and some health effects are perceived.

Keywords: Bus drivers, occupational noise, urban buses

How to cite this article:
Bruno PS, Marcos QR, Amanda C, Paulo ZH. Annoyance evaluation and the effect of noise on the health of bus drivers . Noise Health 2013;15:301-6

How to cite this URL:
Bruno PS, Marcos QR, Amanda C, Paulo ZH. Annoyance evaluation and the effect of noise on the health of bus drivers . Noise Health [serial online] 2013 [cited 2023 Mar 25];15:301-6. Available from: https://www.noiseandhealth.org/text.asp?2013/15/66/301/116561

  Introduction Top


Urban bus transportation is an essential service for today's society. [1] Although there is growth and technological advancement in this type of transportation, all responsibility for the conduction of the bus is on the driver. Thus, this profession plays an important and indispensable role in our industrialized society. However, it appears that these professionals are exposed to a series of ergonomic factors that may negatively affect their health such as high levels of noise, vibration, air pollution, stress, and postural overloads. [2],[3],[4],[5]

There are several studies on work conditions and health problems among drivers of different types of buses. [3] However, few studies have evaluated the sensitivity to noise in the driver's work environment. [6] Initial studies have shown measurements of the level of noise exposure inside buses; however, they have not evaluated the level of annoyance caused by noise or health impacts in bus drivers. [2],[7],[8],[9]

Due to the many working hours with an average of 8 h/day, driving old buses (with possible mechanical malfunctions and position of the engine near the driver), roads and streets with poor paving conditions and large passenger flow, the noise emitted by buses can exceed the limits for occupational health. [2] This daily and prolonged exposure to high noise levels can promote negative health outcomes such as reduced hearing threshold and even permanent hearing loss. Other non-auditory effects may occur such as digestive disorders, changes in sleep quality, behavioral disorders, cardiovascular complications, among others. [10],[11] Confirming the danger of prolonged exposure to noise, the World Health Organization recognizes noise as a risk factor for blood hypertension. [12],[13]

These health effects can cause changes in the driver's behavior, irritation, mental fatigue, frustration, and stress. Thus, noise causes damages to the work performance and may be the cause of increases in time off from work, increased social conflicts between drivers and fellow professionals or between drivers and passengers. [6] The Brazilian legislation (Regulation act NR-15: Insalubrious Operations) [14] shows a maximal threshold of 85 dB (A) for the 8-h workday. However, NR-17 standard (Regulation act NR-17: Ergonomics) [15] establishes that a level of exposure exceeding 65 dB (A) during 8 h of work is considerable uncomfortable.

Therefore, assessing the sensitivity to noise and the health effects on bus drivers becomes relevant for the decision making in order to improve the work environment of these individuals. Thus, this study aims to assess the level of annoyance caused by noise from buses and to investigate whether there is an association between annoyance caused by noise and health effects in urban bus drivers. It is assumed that there is a high prevalence of annoyance caused by noise in drivers, and those who reported higher levels of annoyance have a higher prevalence of negative health effects.


  Methods Top


The aim of the present study was to evaluate the sensation of noise annoyance and its relation to some health parameters in bus drivers from the city of Curitiba, state of Paranα, Brazil. This Brazilian city has received several awards in recent years due to the development of its public transportation system; encouraging checking the work conditions that bus drivers experience in their profession.

For the performance of this study, a purposive sample of 200 drivers from a total of 357 was assessed, who work in a local public transport company. Drivers drove mainly four types of vehicles: Conventional buses-vehicles with front engine, direct buses called "ligeirinhos"- vehicles with rear engine, micro-buses-vehicles with front engine and articulated buses-vehicles with mostly front engine, but recently there are models with rear engine.

For measuring the driver's subjective sensation in relation to annoyance and effects on health, a questionnaire that measured the intensity by means of an analog scale, was developed by authors. The scale has a continuous 10-cm straight line between two antagonistic expressions, e.g., "nothing" and "very." For quantifying the result, the subject is instructed to mark on the scale his sensation level in relation to different questions.

Initially at the beginning of the workday, identification data such as age and time working of the bus driver were collected. Soon after, the analog scale developed was utilized as reference for measuring the sensation intensity to the following questions: What is your sensation regarding the bus noise? ["not annoyed (N.A.)" and "highly annoyed (H.A.)"]; what is your sensation about the quality of your sleep? ("poor" and "excellent"); after the working day, do you fell tinnitus? ("never" and "always"), after the working day, do you get irritated? ("never" and "always"), after the working day, do you have a headache? ("never" and "always") in relation to the engine noise, do you feel uncomfortable? ("never" and "always") in relation to traffic noise, do you feel uncomfortable? ("never" and "always") in relation to noise from passengers, do you feel uncomfortable? ("never" and "always"). Before application of the questionnaire with scales, the whole procedure of filling of questionnaires was explained to the entire sample.

After the questionnaire application, the scales were converted into indexes, which were designed to quantify the driver's sensation regarding the questions. The indexes ranged from 0 to 10, and those closest to zero were the most negative and those closest to 10 were the more positive. The questionnaire reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, for the 7 questions with the analog scale (0.758).

For classifying drivers in different levels of noise annoyance was utilized the response of the first question with analogue scale "what is your sensation regarding the bus noise." Thus, drivers was divided into three categories: Drivers who reported annoyance from 0 to 1 were classified as N.A., drivers who reported annoyance from 1.1 to 4.9 were classified with a little annoyed (L.A.) and drivers who reported annoyance above 5.0 were classified as H.A.

Noise levels in 80 buses were equally sampled in four separate sub-samples: [1] 20 conventional buses, [2] 20 speedy buses, [3] 20 micro-buses and, (4) 20 articulated buses. Measurements were performed according to ISO 9612:2009, [16] carried out in several lines under normal operating conditions. The microphone of the sound level meter was placed at 0.10 ± 0.01 m from the external ear of the bus driver. The ear assessed for incoming noise was that receiving the higher value of the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level L eq,T in dB (A). Noise exposure level was normalized to a nominal 8-h working day L EX,8 h calculated from the measured equivalent sound pressure level L eq,T. Normalized exposure levels were calculated with the software Protector 7825: [17]

L EX,8 h = L eq,Te + Log (T e/T 0) in dB (A)

where L eqTe is the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level, T e the effective duration of a working day and T 0 the reference duration of the working day (8 h). In Curitiba bus drivers work for a period of 6 h/day, with a brief 10-15 min pause after 3 h of driving. Therefore, T e = 6 h in the formula above. Measurements were carried out using the Bruel and Kjaer Mediator 2238 type/class 1 (precision ± 0.41 dB (A))., set for fast response mode, using the A weighing curve. [18]

Data were analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics as means, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values. For check the normality of data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. Data analysis was performed with non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn test for multiple comparisons and parametric one-way ANOVA with Tukey test for multiple comparisons. Spearman's rank coefficient was used to correlate variables. All statistical analyses were conducted in SPSS software version 20, adopting the significance level of P < 0.05.


  Results Top


The questionnaire was applied to a purposive sample of 200 subjects from a total of 357; thus, obtaining a percentage of 56% from all employees who worked as drivers in the company. All drivers were informed of how the scale should be used and no subject had difficulty in filling it.

In relation to the level of annoyance produced by the bus noise, the sample of drivers was divided into three categories: Drivers who reported annoyance from 0 to 1 were classified as N.A., drivers who reported annoyance from 1.1 to 4.9 were classified with a L.A. and drivers who reported annoyance above 5.0 were classified as H.A.

Of the total sample of 200 drivers, 104 (52%) were classified as N.A., 39 (19.5%) as L.A. and 57 (28.5%) as H.A. [Table 1] shows the results of the descriptive statistics of sample identification data and inferential statistics comparing the three groups of drivers according to age and working time. The results of responses regarding sleep quality, occurrence of tinnitus, headache, irritation, discomfort caused by bus engine, traffic and passengers are also shown.
Table 1: Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum) of the questionnaire and Kruskall Wallis test to compare N.A., L.A. and H.A.

Click here to view


The results show that bus drivers classified as (L.A.) were younger than those classified as (H.A.), and those classified as (N.A.) were older. However, only there were significant differences between N.A. and L.A., (P < 0.05). For the working time and sleep quality, no significant difference was observed between groups (P > 0.05).

Regarding questions about the occurrence of tinnitus, low hearing level, headache and irritation after work shift, group H.A. had higher results than groups L.A. and N.A., being significantly different (H.A. > N.A, L.A. > N.A., P < 0.05). For the question on the amount of annoyance produced by the bus engine H.A. was significantly higher than L.A. and N.A. For the annoyance of traffic noise and passengers, H.A. was significantly different than L.A. and N.A. However, L.A. was higher than H.A., but not statistical significantly (P > 0.05).

The following table provides the relationship between the variables (age, working time, sleep quality, occurrence of tinnitus, occurrence of headache, occurrence of irritation, and noise annoyance produced by the bus, [Table 2].
Table 2: Correlation coefficient for relation among annoyance caused by the bus noise, age, working time and health effects

Click here to view


The results demonstrated a significant difference among bus types ( L EX,8h dB (A)), P < 0.05. Measurements indicated that conventional, micro-and articulated buses produce higher noise levels than speedy buses, [Table 3].
Table 3: Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum) of the LEX,8h dB (A) in buses and one-way ANOVA to compare conventional, speedy, micro, and articulated

Click here to view



  Discussion Top


The assessment of annoyance caused by noise was performed subjectively by means of questionnaires with different scales aimed at quantifying the sensitivity of the exposed subject. The sensation in relation to noise is related to the individual personality of each subject, which can affect his reaction toward a noise source. [19] According to the results of psychoacoustic studies, the sensitivity to noise has no relationship to hearing acuity, but reflects a predisposition, an evaluative judgment for the perception of noise sources. [20] However, other studies have related subjects with noise annoyance with greater perception of the effects on their health, and objective evaluations showing a decreased quality of health in individuals with high exposure to noise. [21]

Annoyance questions in different studies do not use the same number of response categories. Some questions have only 3 response categories, whereas others use as many as 11 categories. Often a cutoff point is chosen on the scale, and the percentage of the responses exceeding the cutoff is reported. Miedema and Oudshoorn [22] proposes the cutoff with 72 on a 0-100 scale, then the result is called the percentage of H.A. persons; with a cutoff at 50 it is the percentage "annoyed", and with a cutoff at 28 it is the percentage "(at least) a L.A." In our study, it is proposed an alternative scale (0-10) and different cutoffs (0-1: N.A., 1, 1-4,9: A L.A. and >5 with H.A.). The alternative scale and different cutoffs facilitates the assessment of subjects with low educational level (bus drivers), with the reduction in the number of classifications in relation to the noise annoyance.

According to the results obtained, group L.A. was the one with the lowest average age, followed by groups H.A. and N.A. Heinonen Guzejev [23] assessed the sensitivity to noise in a sample of individuals and found similar results, where younger subjects had higher levels of sensitivity to noise compared to older subjects. Sandrock et al. [24] point to an adaptation of the auditory system of individuals exposed to environments with high noise levels for several years, reducing their sensitivity and thus, perhaps disguising their effects on the subject.

The results for the three groups showed no significant differences in relation to the working time. However, there was a decreasing relationship between working time and noise annoyance; drivers exercising their function for a longer time reported lower levels of annoyance (N.A. 9.36 years; L.A. 7.72 years; H.A. 7.63 years). Thus, it is noteworthy that there is a possible inverse relationship between higher annoyance and lower age or working time among drivers in this study (age x annoyance caused by the bus noise: 0.617, working time x annoyance caused by the bus noise: 0.576, verified by Spearman's correlation).

In assessing the relationship between noise annoyance and sleep quality, no significant difference was found; however, the result remained decreasing for the three groups, and group that had no noise annoyance showed the highest sleep quality, compared to the group with much noise annoyance (N.A. 9.36, H.A. 7.65). Several authors have reported that continuous exposure to noise can cause sleep-related disorders. [25],[26] Thus, measures of association between loss of sleep quality and noise exposure are important indicators of quality of life of workers, since sleep is an essential factor for job performance. [27]

For the evaluation of the occurrence of tinnitus, headache and irritation after the working day, significant difference was found for the three groups, and group H.A. was the one that had the highest indexes, followed by groups L.A. and N.A. Thus, it appears that the group with the highest noise annoyance has greater sensitivity to these factors.

One of the major health consequences resulting from exposure to noise in bus drivers is related to the occurrence of hearing disorders. [28] These effects on the health of bus drivers are worrisome, since they influence not only the work environment, but also their quality of life as a whole. Hearing loss, irritation and continuous episodes of headache contribute for the profession of the bus driver to become one with the highest stress load; [29] thus, leading these workers to have harmful consequences to their health such as cardiovascular diseases, among others. [10],[30] These health effects cause trouble also for transport companies, because drivers with high stress load and hearing loss tend to show lower performance in their jobs and more time off from work. [30],[31]

The results of the evaluation of noise annoyance produced by the bus engine indicate a strong influence of this factor on the sensibility of drivers; group H.A. with 6.06 against 2.87 of group L.A. and 0.89 of group N.A. Thus, it could be inferred that the noise from the engine heard inside the bus, especially when close to the driver, is a major cause of discomfort and consequent increase in the level noise experienced by bus drivers. Previous studies have contributed to the understanding of noise exposure inside buses and the results show a slightly significant difference for vehicles with front engine. [2],[7],[8] Thus, vehicles with rear engine provide lower noise emission and thus reducing the driver's sensibility to this factor.

The last two factors evaluated: Level of annoyance due to traffic and passenger noise can collaborates to turn the work environment uncomfortable and can influence drivers' health. Studies on passenger traffic noise have also shown that these factors may increase the emission of noise inside the vehicle and consequently felt by the driver. [32],[33] Traffic with large amounts of heavy vehicles and a large amount of passenger flow increase the noise level within the bus environment, and these factors are exacerbated during peak hours of traffic and passengers.

Findings of this study are similar to those of earlier studies carried out in Curitiba, Brazil with conventional and speedy buses during their entire route and noise levels normalized to 8 h, L EX,8h. Zannin [4] found that noise equivalent level were emitted by conventional buses (79.9 ± 2.8 dB (A)) and by speedy buses (73.0 ± 2.6 dB (A)), and in the study of Zannin et al., [5] L EX,8h results were in conventional bases (79.9 ± 3.1 dB (A)) and in speedy buses (72.7 ± 2.4 dB (A)). Results of the present study were considered normal when compared to Brazilian legislation (Regulation Act NR-15: Insalubrious Operations). [28] Values recorded were at a threshold below 85 dB (A) of exposure in a daily 8-h workday. However, NR-17 [29] standard (Regulation Act 17: Ergonomics) establishes that a level of exposure exceeding 65 dB (A) during 8 h of work is considered uncomfortable. Therefore, current values recorded should not be considered optimal for health and should be reduced in order to improve the work environment of bus drivers subjected to such noise levels.


  Conclusions Top


The results of this study show that the sample of bus drivers has factors that should be considered in the attempt to reduce the annoyance produced by the engine noise and consequent health problems. It was found that the sensation of discomfort was more apparent in younger drivers than in older ones and with longer working time.

Among groups N.A., a L.A. and H.A., there was a greater intensity for tinnitus, headache and irritation for group H.A. Thus, the group with the highest uncomfortable sensation seems to be the one with more health problems from exposure to noise.

For noise levels from engine, traffic and passengers, the results indicate that the vehicle engine is the major source of discomfort, followed by the noise from traffic and finally from passengers. The measured noise on the bus indicates that the vehicles are in accordance with Brazilian standard occupational; however, appears above the comfort limits for work. Organizational changes in the workplace and use of vehicles with rear engine can contribute to a better working environment for these professionals.

 
  References Top

1.Jarzab JT, Jarzab JT, Ligthbody J, Maeda E. Characteristics of bus rapid transit projects. J Public Transp 2002;5:31-46.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.Portela BS, Zannin PH. Analysis of factors that influence noise levels inside urban buses. J Sci Ind Res 2010;69:684-7.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.Tse JL, Flin R, Mearns K. Bus driver well-being review: 50 years of research. Transp Res Part F 2006;9:89-114.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.Okunribido OO, Shimbles SJ, Magnusson M, Pope M. City bus driving and low back pain: A study of the exposures to posture demands, manual materials handling and whole-body vibration. Appl Ergon 2007;38:29-38.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.Arezes PM, Bernardo CA, Mateus OA. Measurement strategies for occupational noise exposure assessment: A comparison study in different industrial environments. Int J Ind Ergon 2012;42:172-7.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.Fagerlonn J. Urgent alarms in trucks: Effects on annoyance and subsequent driving performance. IET Intell Transp Syst 2011;5:252-8.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.Zannin PH. Occupational noise in urban buses. Int J Ind Ergon 2006;36:232-7.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.Zannin PH, Diniz FB, Giovanini CR, Ferreira AA. Interior noise profiles of buses in Curitiba. Transp Res Part D 2003;8:243-7.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.Koushki PA, Ali MA, Chandrasekhar, BP, Al-Sarawi M. Exposure to noise inside buses in Kuwait: Measurements and passanger attitudes. Trans Rev 2002;22:295-308.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.Babisch W. Epidemiological studies of the cardiovascular effects of occupational noise-A critical appraisal. Noise Health 1998;1:24-39.  Back to cited text no. 10
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
11.Majumder J, Mehta CR, Sen D. Excess risk estimates of hearing impairment of Indian professional drivers Int J Ind Ergon 2009;39:234-8.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.Powazka EE. A cross-sectional study of occupational noise exposure and blood pressure in steelworkers. Noise Health 2003;5:15-22.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.van Kempen EE, Kruize H, Boshuizen HC, Ameling CB, Staatsen BA, de Hollander AE. The association between noise exposure and blood pressure and ischemic heart disease: A meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2002;110:307-17.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.NR-15. Brazilian Standard for Insalubrious Operations. Labor Ministry, Federal Governement of Brasil; 1997. (in Portuguese).  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.NR-17. Brazilian Standard for Ergonomics. Labor Ministry, Federal Governement of Brasil; 1997. (in Portuguese).  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.ISO 9612. Acoustics-Determination of Occupational Noise Exposure-Engineering Method. Geneva; 2009.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.Bruel and Kjaer. Technical Documentation-Software Protector BK 7825. Denmark, Naerum; 1999.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.Bruel, Kjaer. Technical Documentation-integrating and logging sound level meter BK 2238 and BK 2260. Denmark, Naerum: Bruel and Kjaer; 1998.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.Schütte M, Marks A, Wenning E, Griefahn B. The development of the noise sensitivity questionnaire. Noise Health 2007;9:15-24.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.Ellermeier W, Eigenstetter M, Zimmer K. Psychoacoustic correlates of individual noise sensitivity. J Acoust Soc Am 2001;109:1464-73.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.Stansfeld SA, Matheson MP. Noise pollution: Non-auditory effects on health. Br Med Bull 2003;68:243-57.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.Miedema HM, Oudshoorn CG. Annoyance from transportation ise: Relationships with exposure metrics DNL and DENL and their confidence intervals. Environ Health Perspect 2001;109:409-16.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.Heinonen-Guzejev M, Jauhiainen T, Vuorinen H, Viljanen A, Rantanen T, Koskenvuo M, et al. Noise sensitivity and hearing disability. Noise Health 2011;13:51-8.  Back to cited text no. 23
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
24.Sandrock S, Griefahn B, Kaczmarek T, Hafke H, Preis A, Gjestland T. Experimental studies on annoyance caused by noises from trams and buses. J Sound Vib 2008;313:908-19.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.Ising H, Kruppa B. Health effects caused by noise: Evidence in the literature from the past 25 years. Noise Health 2004;6:5-13.  Back to cited text no. 25
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
26.Gulian E, Mattews G, Glendon A. Dimensions of driver stress. Ergonomics 1989;32:585-602.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.Shepherd D, Welch D, Dirks KN, Mathews R. Exploring the relationship between noise sensitivity, annoyance and health-related quality of life in a sample of adults exposed to environmental noise. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010;7:3579-94.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.Karimi A, Nasiri S, Kazerooni FK, Oliaei M. Noise induced hearing loss risk assessment in truck drivers. Noise Health 2010;12:49-55.  Back to cited text no. 28
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
29.Kloimuller I, Karazman R, Geissler H, Karazman-Morawetz I, Haupt H. The relation of age, work ability index and stress-inducing factors among bus drivers. Int J Ind Ergon 2000;25:497-502.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.Alfredsson L, Hammar N, Hogstedt C. Incidence of myocardial infarction and mortality from specific causes among bus drivers in Sweden. Int J Epidemiol 1993;22:57-61.  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.Ose SO. Working conditions, compensation and absenteeism. J Health Econ 2005;24:161-88.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.Ouis D. Annoyance caused by exposure to road traffic noise: An update. Noise Health 2002;4:69-79.  Back to cited text no. 32
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
33.Alves Filho JM, Lenzi A, Zannin PH. Effects of traffic composition on road noise: A case study. Transp Res Part D 2004;9:75-80.  Back to cited text no. 33
    

Top
Correspondence Address:
Portela S Bruno
Rua Simeao Camargo Varela de Sa, 03, Cx. Postal 3010, CEP 85040-080, Guarapuava, PR
Brazil
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/1463-1741.116561

Rights and Permissions



 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]

This article has been cited by
1 Proposal for the automatic evaluation of workers' exposure to acoustic noise following task-based approach
Consolatina Liguori, Alessandro Ruggiero, Domenico Russo, Paolo Sommella, Jan Lundgren
Measurement. 2021; 173: 108534
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 Audiological and noise exposure findings among members of a Brazilian folklore music group
Carina Moreno Dias Carneiro Muniz, Sergio Fernando Saraiva da Silva, Rachel Costa Façanha, Daniela Bassi-Dibai, Fabricio Brito Silva, Ilana Mirian Almeida Felipe, Rosane da Silva Dias
Work. 2021; 68(1): 235
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 Prevalence and Determinants of Hypertension among Iranian Taxi Drivers (2018)
Payam Khanlari, Masoud Khosravipour, Faramarz Gharagozlou, Rashid Heidarimoghadam, Mohammad Babamiri
Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology. 2020; 9(1): 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top